時(shí)間：2011-04-18 00:47來源：藍(lán)天飛行翻譯 作者：航空 點(diǎn)擊：次
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It is important to understand that if the controller responds to the initial radio call without using the aircraft callsign, radio communications have not been established and the pilot may not enter the Class D airspace. 2.“Aircraft calling Manassas tower standby.” At those airports where the control tower does not operate 24 hours a day, the operating hours of the tower will be listed on the appropriate charts and in the A/FD. During the hours the tower is not in operation, the Class E surface area rules or a combination of Class E rules to 700 feet above ground level and Class G rules to the surface will become applicable. Check the A/FD for specifics. 4. Departures from: (a)A primary or satellite airport with an operating control tower. Two-way radio communica-tions must be established and maintained with the control tower, and thereafter as instructed by ATC while operating in the Class D airspace. (b)A satellite airport without an operating control tower. Two-way radio communications must be established as soon as practicable after departing with the ATC facility having jurisdiction over the Class D airspace as soon as practicable after departing. 5. Aircraft Speed. Unless otherwise autho-rized or required by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft at or below 2,500 feet above the surface within 4 nautical miles of the primary airport of a Class D airspace area at an indicated airspeed of more than 200 knots (230 mph). c.Class D airspace areas are depicted on Sectional and Terminal charts with blue segmented lines, and on IFR En Route Lows with a boxed [D]. d.Arrival extensions for instrument approach procedures may be Class D or Class E airspace. As a general rule, if all extensions are 2 miles or less, they remain part of the Class D surface area. However, if any one extension is greater than 2 miles, then all extensions become Class E. e.Separation for VFR Aircraft. No separation services are provided to VFR aircraft. 3.2.8 Controlled Airspace 3.2.6. Class E Airspace a.Definition. Generally, if the airspace is not Class A, Class B, Class C, or Class D, and it is controlled airspace, it is Class E airspace. b.Operating Rules and Pilot/Equipment Requirements: 1.Pilot Certification. No specific certifica-tion required. 2.Equipment. No specific equipment required by the airspace. 3.Arrival or Through Flight Entry Require-ments. No specific requirements. c.Charts. Class E airspace below 14,500 feet MSL is charted on Sectional, Terminal, and IFR Enroute Low Altitude charts. d.Vertical limits. Except for 18,000 feet MSL, Class E airspace has no defined vertical limit but rather it extends upward from either the surface or a designated altitude to the overlying or adjacent controlled airspace. e. Types of Class E Airspace: 1.Surface area designated for an air-port. When designated as a surface area for an airport, the airspace will be configured to contain all instrument procedures. 2.Extension to a surface area. There are Class E airspace areas that serve as extensions to Class B, Class C, and Class D surface areas designated for an airport. Such airspace provides controlled airspace to contain standard instrument approach procedures without imposing a commu-nications requirement on pilots operating under VFR. 3.Airspace used for transition. There are Class E airspace areas beginning at either 700 or AIM 1,200 feet AGL used to transition to/from the terminal or en route environment. 4.En Route Domestic Areas. There are Class E airspace areas that extend upward from a specified altitude and are en route domestic airspace areas that provide controlled airspace in those areas where there is a requirement to provide IFR en route ATC services but the Federal airway system is inadequate. 5.Federal Airways. The Federal airways are Class E airspace areas and, unless otherwise specified, extend upward from 1,200 feet to, but not including, 18,000 feet MSL. The colored airways are green, red, amber, and blue. The VOR airways are classified as Domestic, Alaskan, and Hawaiian. 6.Offshore Airspace Areas. There are Class E airspace areas that extend upward from a specified altitude to, but not including, 18,000 feet MSL and are designated as offshore airspace areas. These areas provide controlled airspace beyond 12 miles from the coast of the U.S. in those areas where there is a requirement to provide IFR en route ATC services and within which the U.S. is applying domestic procedures. 7.Unless designated at a lower altitude, Class E airspace begins at 14,500 feet MSL to, but not including, 18,000 feet MSL overlying: the 48 contig-uous States including the waters within 12 miles from the coast of the 48 contiguous States; the District of Columbia; Alaska, including the waters within 12 miles from the coast of Alaska, and that airspace above FL 600; excluding the Alaska peninsula west of long. 160 000’00’’W, and the airspace below 1,500 feet above the surface of the earth unless specifically so designated. f. Separation for VFR Aircraft. No separation services are provided to VFR aircraft. Controlled Airspace 3.2.9 Section 3. Class G Airspace 3.3.1. General Class G airspace (uncontrolled) is that portion of airspace that has not been designated as Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace. 3.3.2. VFR Requirements Rules governing VFR flight have been adopted to assist the pilot in meeting the responsibility to see and avoid other aircraft. Minimum flight visibility and distance from clouds required for VFR flight are contained in 14 CFR Section 91.155. (See TBL 3.1.1.)3.3.3. IFR Requirements |
